![]() ![]() Kozma provides evidence of the effects that media can have on student achievement through ThinkerTools and the Jasper Woodbury Series. When considering new technologies, which in 1994 were not as well developed as they are currently, media can, does, and will influence learning much like the invention of paper or the printing press. If the media we are discussing due to the invention of the printing press, then the answer might be an obvious yes, media does influence learning. Kozma rebukes Clark's claims and postulates that media can (and will) enhance teaching by making it more powerful, richer and more capable of influencing learning. Clark states that media is not the message but rather “mere vehicles that deliver instruction but do not influence student achievement any more than the truck that delivers groceries causes changes in our nutrition” (Clark, 1994). Does media influence learning? This question is central to the articles written by Richard Clark and Robert Kozma for Educational Technology Research and Development in 1994. ![]()
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